Media ownership and control : law, economics and policy in an Indian and international context / Suzanne Rab and Alison Sprague.

Includes bibliographical references (pages 276-279) and index.

1.Introduction
1.1.The Context: Market, Legal and Regulatory Trends Shaping the Media and Communications Sector in India and Internationally
1.2.Why Focus on Ownership and Control?
1.3.Scope
1.4.Sources of Further Information
2.Achieving Policy Objectives
2.1.Introduction
2.2.Guiding Principles
2.3.Instruments of Competition and Regulatory Policy
-Mapping out the Landscape
2.4.Competition Law
2.5.Sector Regulation
2.6.Merger Control
2.7.Convergence
2.8.`Technology Neutral'
2.9.Regulation: Sector-specific vs Competition Law
2.10.EU Experience
2.11.Allocation of Competences between Sector Regulator and Competition Authority
2.11.1.Regulatory `Models'
2.11.2.Indian Experience
2.11.3.UK Experience
2.12.Restrictions on Competition
2.13.Market Power
2.14.Conclusions and Implications for Policy
3.Market Delineation and Definition in Media
3.1.Introduction
Contents note continued: 3.2.The Role of Market Definition in Competition Analysis
3.3.The Role of the Consumer in Media Regulation Debates
3.3.1.The Consumer and Different Types of Regulation
3.3.2.The Consumer vs the Citizen
3.3.3.Rationale for Regulation
3.4.Challenges in Identifying Relevant Markets in the Media Sector
3.4.1.Market Definition and the New Media
3.4.2.Market Definition in Fast-moving Markets
3.4.3.Limitations of the SSNIP Test
3.4.4.Products and Services
3.4.5.Identifying the Limits of Convergence
3.4.6.Relationship with Public Interest and Plurality
3.4.7.The Social Dimension and Information Gap
3.4.8.A Lot at Stake
3.5.Between Theory and Pragmatism: Identifying Relevant Markets in Practice
3.5.1.Information Limits
3.5.2.Demand-side Considerations
3.5.3.Geographic Boundaries
3.5.4.Divergent Approaches
3.5.5.Limits of Precedent
3.5.6.Effect on Market Participants and the Quest for Predictability
Contents note continued: 3.6.Case Study: Market Definition under the EU Communications Regulatory Framework
3.6.1.The EU Regulatory Framework: Introduction
3.6.2.Evolving Approach
3.6.3.Some Remaining Difficulties
3.7.Towards a Coherent Framework for Market Analysis in the Media and Communications Sector?
4.Competition Law
4.1.Introduction
4.2.Agreements
4.2.1.Indian Competition applied to Cartel-like Behaviour in the Media Sector
4.2.2.The Concept of an `Appreciable Adverse Effect' on Competition has been Construed Widely to Capture Local and Regional Effects
4.3.Abuse of Dominance
4.3.1.Challenges of applying Competition Law in the Media and Communications Sector
4.3.2.No General Exception for Protection of IPR
4.3.3.Indian Competition Law has already been applied to Abuse of Dominance in the Media and Communications Sector
4.3.4.Complaints-led Cases
4.3.5.International Dimension
4.4.Initial Conclusions
Contents note continued: 5.Media Ownership and Control
5.1.Introduction
5.2.Protecting Competitiveness and Pluralism
5.2.1.What is Pluralism or Plurality?
5.2.2.Relationship between Pluralism and Competition Law
5.2.3.Initial Conclusions on Competition and Plurality Tests
5.3.Indian Merger Control in the Media and Communications Sector
5.3.1.Introduction
5.3.2.Indian Merger Reviews in Media and Communications
5.3.3.Merger Control and Minority Interests
5.3.4.Cases Involving Corporate Restructurings
5.3.5.Ongoing Development of the Indian Competition Law and Merger Control Framework
5.4.Comparative Survey of Regulatory Models
5.4.1.Methodology
5.4.2.Countries Surveyed
5.4.3.Regime Type
5.5.Case Studies
5.5.1.Model A: No Media Ownership Rules and Sole Application of Competition Rules in Merger Control
5.5.2.Model B: Media Ownership Rules and Sole Application of Competition Rules in Merger Control
Contents note continued: 5.5.3.Model C: Media Ownership Rules and Modified Application of Competition Rules in Merger Control
5.6.The Ongoing Debate on Media Plurality
5.6.1.Academic Perspectives
5.6.2.Regulatory Policy Perspectives
5.7.Newspapers
-A Special Case?
5.7.1.Background
5.7.2.Drivers of Consolidation
5.7.3.Paid News, Politics and Pluralism
5.7.4.Emerging Insights from the UK
5.8.Conclusions and Implications for Policy
6.Vertical Integration
6.1.Introduction
6.2.A Schematic of the Media Value Chain
6.3.Vertical Integration in an Economic Context
6.3.1.Three Phases of Economic and Competition Policy Thought
6.3.2.A Last Preliminary: Vertical Integration and Vertical Restraints
6.3.3.The Treatment of Vertical Restraints under Indian Competition Law
6.3.4.Economic Reasoning of Vertical Integration: The Initial Sceptical View
6.3.5.Efficiency Gain of Vertical Integration: Avoiding Double Marginalisation
Contents note continued: 6.3.6.More Nuanced Post-Chicago View
6.3.7.Efficiency Gain of Vertical Integration: Flexibility to Technological Change
6.4.Vertical Competition Issues in Mergers in the Media and Communications Sector
6.4.1.Access to Content
6.4.2.Access to Infrastructure
6.4.3.Leverage
6.4.4.Network Effects
6.4.5.Removal of a Maverick
6.5.Vertical Integration and Merger Remedies
6.5.1.Remedies Typology
6.5.2.EU Experience
6.5.3.US Experience
6.6.Conclusions and Implications for Policy
7.Cable Sector: Competition and Regulation in an International Comparative Perspective
7.1.Introduction
7.2.Economic, Competition and Regulatory Perspectives
7.2.1.Structure of the Broadcasting Industry
7.2.2.Theories of Regulation
7.2.3.Dealing with Market Power
7.2.4.Access Issues
7.2.5.Merger Regulation
7.2.6.Public Interest
7.2.7.Convergence
7.3.Regime Comparison
7.4.Conclusions and Implications for Policy
Contents note continued: 8.The Impact of the Internet
8.1.Introduction
8.2.Online's Stage of Development
8.3.Effect of the Internet on Media
8.4.Case Study: News
8.4.1.News Provision
8.4.2.News Consumption
8.5.Conclusions and Implications for Policy
9.Shaping the Future Regulatory Agenda in India and Internationally
9.1.Introduction: Ongoing Consultation and Debate on the Shape of Media and Communications Regulation Internationally
9.2.Indian Experience and Recent TRAI Consultations
9.2.1.Consultation on Media Cross-ownership
9.2.2.Consultation on Monopoly and Market Dominance in Cable TV services
9.3.EU Experience: Towards Pan-European Regulation of Plurality?
9.4.UK Experience: Where do we Stand after Newscorp/​BSkyB and Leveson?
9.4.1.Ofcom Review of Plurality
9.4.2.Ongoing Consultation
-House of Lords Select Committee Call for Evidence
9.5.Australian Experience: Media Reform Tried, Tested and Failed
Contents note continued: 9.5.1.Proposed Reforms
9.5.2.Summary of the Proposed Reforms
9.6.US Experience: How to Measure Media Diversity?
9.7.Conclusion
10.Conclusions and Implications for Policy
10.1.Introduction
10.2.Ten Recommendations for Competitive and Diverse Media Markets
10.2.1.Develop a Strong Law that Respects Legal and Economic Principles
10.2.2.Stay Vigilant to Competition Issues
10.2.3.Recognise the Role of Market Definition in all its (Product, Geographic, Temporal and Innovation) Dimensions
10.2.4.Question and Test Traditional Approaches in Converging Media and Communications Markets
10.2.5.Ensure that the Identification of Specific Market Failures or Concerns is based on Robust Economic and Empirical Evidence rather than a Perceived `Problem'
10.2.6.Mitigate the Risk of Political Capture
10.2.7.Maintain Diverse Expertise among Bodies likely to hear Relevant Cases
Contents note continued: 10.2.8.Build and Strengthen Alliances with all Interest Groups affected by Competition Law and Regulation
10.2.9.Develop Cooperation with Regulators Globally
10.2.10.Maintain a Dynamic Approach.